Regulating alternating-current dynamo-electric machines.



Patented Aug. 1, I899.

M. HUTIN 8:. M. LEBLANC. REGULATING A LTERNATING CURRENT DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINES.

(Application filed Apr. 10, 1897.)

(No Model.)

4 Sheets$heet I.

Qwi/bmaom m: NORRIS PETERS ca. wore-um). WASHINGTON, D. c.

No. 630,233. Patented Aug. l, I899. E

- M. HUTIN &. M. LEBLANC.

REGULATING ALTERNATlNG CURRENT DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINES.

(Application filed Apr. 10, 1897.) (No Model.)

4 Sheets-Sheet 3 L ome/13.

m: Norms PETEHS co. wHoTo-umo. WASHINGTON. n c,

No. 630,233. Patented Aug. I, I899.

M. HUTIN & M. LEBLANG.

REGULATING ALTERNATING CURRENT DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINES.

A (Application filed Apr. 10, 1897.) (N0 Modei.) 4 Sheets-8heet 4.

gmoamtow wvbmm 3: W y, 5; m 87" ilaan'eajeihnc mmw : NORRXS PETERS co, PHOTU-LITHQ, WA$HINGTON, u. c.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

MAURICE HUTIN/SND MAURICE LEBLANG, OF PARIS, FRANCE, ASSIGNORS TO 'lIIE SOOIETE ANONYME POUR LA TRANSMISSION DE LA FORGE PAR LELEOTRICYIE, OI! SAME PLACE.

REGULATING ALTERNATlNG-CURRENT DYNAMO-ELEC'IRIC MACHINES.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 630,233, dated August 1, 1899.

Application filed April 10, 1897. Serial No. 631,626- (No model.) I

To all whom it may concern: and the air-gap should be the smallest that Be it known that we, MAURICE HUTIN and is mechanically permissible. A machine so MAURICE LEBLANO, citizens of the Republic constructed if set to work as a generator on of France, and residents of Paris, France, aconstant-potentialcircuit willexhibitaconhave invented certain new and useful Imsiderable armature reaction and will drop in provements in Alternating-Cm'rent Dynamopressure at its terminals as the load comes Electric Machinery, of which the following is onin other words, will regulate badly. To

a specification, and for which Letters Patent overcome this difliculty, most constructors of have been granted as follows: in France, electrical machinery sacrifice the conditions 10 dated May 27, 1890, No. 256,722; in Belgium, of maximum output for a given weight of madated October 3, 1896, No. 123,847, and in terial in order to obtain good regulation of Italy, dated October 7, 1896, No. 42,808. pressure by employing a much greater n u m- Our invention relates to alternating-curber of ampere turns upon the field than upon rent dynamo-electric machinery and the exthe armature. They even go to the extent of 15 citation thereof, and has for its object to prousing a wide air-gap regardless of the energy vide a method of and means for exciting alwhich must be expended in forcing the magternating-current dynamo-electric machines netic flux across it and are satisfied with such of all types in such a manner as to produce a designs if they produce a generator which proper regulation under all the varying conregulates well under load. It has appeared 2o ditions of load met with in practice and at the to us,however, that it should be possible to same time to allow the machines to be desecure good regulation in a less expensive signed in such a manner as to secure a maximanner, and we are able to obtain in generamum output in proportion to the weight of tors built and excitedaccording to onrinveniron and copper employed. We accomplish tion a maximum output for the weight of ma- 25 these ends by the use of our improved exciter, terials employed and at the same time better which is so constructed and arranged that its regulation than is found in the best com mervoltage varies in such a manner as to compencial generators. =We accomplish these ends sate for the variations of load and of inducby automatically varying the excitingcurtance on the main circuit and to maintain a rent by means of ouriinproved exciter, which 0 constant voltage at the brushes of the main responds both to changes of volume and of machine. lag in the current of the main machine. In

Our improved exciter may also be so dethis manner we effect a considerable saving signed as to produce an overcompounding acin cost and add to rather than detract from tion, if so desiredthat is to say, as to mainthe regulation.

5 tain a constant voltage at any desired point Alternators may be dividedinto two classes,

on the main circuit. according to the manner-in which their field- Our improved exciter also aids in the coupmagnets are excited. ling of generators and motors in multiple and First. Those in which the field is excited by 4 u in the speed regulation of motors and serves a continuous currentfrom an external source.

40 to prevent motors from taking idle current Assuming that the stator is the field-magnet, from the line and also accomplishes other usethe magnetic poles and flux remain station- 'lul ends to be hereinafter more specifically my and fixed in space and the armature is described. revolved relatively to them. If there are n It is known that in order to construct an pairs of poles and the armature makes co rev 5 alternator to yield the maximum output for olutions per second, the frequency of the elec- 5 a given weight of copper and iron, with a tromotive'forceatthearmature-terminals will given loss of electrical energy in the copper be run periods per second. and with a given maximum peripheral veloc- Second. Those in which the field is excited ityof its rotor, the copper should be equally by alternating currents supplied usually 50 divided between the lixed and moving parts 1 through a plurality of circuits either from a separate source or from the main circuit by tromotive forces will be (r :k n co revolutions per second, according to the relative dircctions of rotation.

Machines of the first type may be termed synchronous machines, while those of the second type may be termet asynchronous machines. There is, of course, a third type of alternating generators, those of the sympathetic type, which consist simply of induction-motors driven above synchronism. This type falls under the second class above mentioned and need not be further considered here.

Although the means adopted to produce the relative rotary motion between armature-conductors and magnetic flux are mechanical in synchronous machines and electrical or at least partly electricalin asynchronous machines, yet any method of producing relative rotation of magnetic flux and conductors is applicable to both types alike, and from this point of view a synchronous machine with direct-current excitation may be regarded as only a particular case of the general type represented by asynchronous machines-that is to say, the case when 0 becomes zero.

Our method otexcitation is applicable to bothsynchronousandasynchronousmachines because it partakes of the character of both. Under the most general conditions an lll8l'- nator with our improved eXciter is an asynchronous alternator, while in particular cases it becomes a synchronous alternator.

In the drawings attached to this specification, Figure l is a diagram showing our improved exciter connected to an alternating generator. ing the phase relations and magnitudes of the electromotive forces, &c., in the alternator and the exciter. Fig. & shows the eXciter in cross'section with its electrical and mechanical connections to a synchronous multipolar alternator. Fig. 5 is an end view of an exciter adapted to furnish current to an asynchronous alternator. Fig. 6 is a diagram showing the compensating-circuits of the exciter. Fig. 7 shows the exciter driven by a small synchronous motor.

Referring to Fig. 1, let A represent a ringwinding of the Gramme type, forming the generating-winding of the exciter l3, eonnccted at suitable intervals with the segments ol :1 commutator (7, on which bear brushes D D l) Dl) .L).

These brushes are l tor.

, the polar line. Figs. 2 and are diagrams showconnected by the wires 1 2 3 l 5 6 with. the iield-windingEol'thealternatinggeneratorF.

G is the armature-winding of the alternator, shown as composed of three symmetrical coils G G G connected through the rings and brushes H H ll with the external circuit '7 S 9, containing various translating devices, as the motor J and the transformer K.

In inductive relation to the winding A of the exciter B are two windings L and M, one in series with the armature G and one in shunt, as will be hereinafter more fully set forth. The winding L is shown as of the ring type connected at three equidistant points with the rings and brushes N N N which in turn are connected through the wires 10 11 12 and brushes H H ll with the armzv ture-coils G G G It will be seen that this winding is in series with the armature (l. The winding M is also tapped at three equidistant points and connected through the brushes N N N and the wires l5 14:15 with the mains789. This windingisthcn in multiple with the armature of the alternator. Both of these windings L and M are so situated as to revolve with the generating-winding A, as will be more fully set forth below.

Suppose thealternator to be running. lt is evident that three-phase currents will flow in the wint ing M, producing a polar line rotating at the rate of a revolutions per second, if a is the frequency of the currents in the main circuit. Under these conditions ii the exciter remains at rest alternating currents will be delivered to the wires 1 2-10 ti, connected to the brushes D D to L) of a frequency (r and dephased successively by onesixth of a period. 1i, however, the exciter be revolved relatively to the brushes with a speed of a revolutions per second and in a direction opposite to the rotation of the lield generated by the winding M, the polar line will be lixed in space, though rotating relatively to the winding A, and continuous currents will flow in the eXciter-circuits with strengths which will differ from circuit; to circuit, depending in each case on the position of the particular brush with relation to The action then is very similar to that which would occur in the armatu re of a bipolar direct-current generator provided with six brushes.

If the magnetic flux instead of rotating under the influence of triphase electric currents be stationary, then the rotation of the winding A relatively to the flux will generate continuous currents, as before, but this will now be the case at anyspeed of rotation instead of only at the particular speed 1r, as in the previous case.

An exciter such as is diagrammatically represented in Fig. l is suitable for supplying a triphase alternator of the asynchronous type, as it will furnish continuous or alternating currents,according to the speed of relative rotation between its brushes and its commutait", however, the alternator he of the synchronoiis type, then but a single pair of brushes-say D and D -will be required on the exciter-commutator. Such an exciter is shown in Fig.

It the triphase alternator has n pairs of poles, the exciter is so geared to it as to run with a speed it ti mes as great. A triphase generator of twenty poles whose armature makes six revolutions per second will generate a current of sixty periods per second. Such a current admitted to the winding M will produce a bipolar magnetic liux making sixty revolutions per second around both the windings A and M. At the same time if the eXciter-rotor is geared to rotate ten times faster than the armature of the alternator it will make sixty revolutions per second in the opposite direction, thereby leaving the magnetic flux stationary in space, so that continuous currents are generated in the external circuits of the excitcrthat is to say, in the field-circuits of the alternator.

If the alternator be single-phase instead of polyphase, uniphase currents will be admit-- ted to the winding M at a pair of opposite points instead of triphase currents at triangular points. These uniphase currents of a H 1 irequency of T periods per second, will produce an alternating held which may be con sidered as a resultant of two equal magnetic [ields rotating in opposite directions citer-rotor is revolved at a speed of a co revolutions per second, the resulting speeds of The former will these magnetic fluxes in space will be 1 and +a m, respectively.

be either Zero or very small and the latter will be practically 2 12. cu. It now we revolve the exciter-rotor within a conducting-cage fixed in space-such,for instance,as that i llustratcd in our United States Patent No.529,272, dated November 13, 189i-the former iluX would be practically unimpeded, while the latter, having a high speed with relation to the conducting-cage, would be practically suppressed. An enciter provided with such a cage is shown in Fig. 5.

In Fig. l the eXciter-rotor is diagrammatically represented as having but two poles. It is obvious, however, that it may be wound to have in pairs of poles. This may be accomplished in any of the well-known ways. The brushes on the commutator of the Grammering winding must be corres 'iondingly distribuled according to the rules of continuouscurrent generators. In such a case the gearing oi: the exciter-rotor must be instead oi:

n. with relation to the alternator-rotor. The

exciter is therefore capable oi exciting any type of altcrnating-current machines. ii the machine be uniphase, the winding M is uniphase. lt'the machine be polyphase,the winding M is also polyphase. If the machine be a synchronous one having but a single iieldexciting circuit, a single pair of brushes is employed on the exciter-com mutator. If the machine be asynchronous, with a plurality of eXciting-circuits a corresponding number of brushes is employed on the exciter-commutator. If the eXciter be supplied with alternating currents of the frequency produced by the alternator to which it is connected and driven at the speed above set forththat is to say, in synchronism with those currentsthe resultant flux in the exciter is fixed in space, and it supplies continuous currents to the alter nator-field. If, on the other hand, either the speed of rotation of the exciter or the frequeney of the alternating currents supplied thereto be changed, the resultant tlux in the exciter rotates, and alternating currents are supplied to the held of the main generator, which then acts'as an asynchronous machine; butit is evident that the actions thus farconsidered will develop in the generating-circuit ot' the exciter a current whose voltage and volume will depend solely on the voltage of the current in the line. the compounding, we must secure another eii'ect depending in its intensity on the amount and characterot' the load on the generator. This we provide by the series winding L.

The problem is to vary the magnitude of the flux acting on the coil A in such a manner that the voltage at any selected point in the main circuit-as, for instance, at the terminals of the generatorwill remain eonstaut. As we are considering alternators designed for a maximum output whose armatures have a considerable self-induction, the armature-resistance is negligible in com pari- In order to provide son with its reactance, though our improved exciter will when properly designed and adjusted compensate for both.

Let us suppose that the line 0 ein Fig. 2 represents in magnitude and phase on any suitable scale the potential difference which it is' desired to maintain between the extremities of each circuit of the alternator-armature and that 0 i represents in the same manner the armature-current lagging by the angle 1. The line 0 3, bearing some constant relation to 0 i, depending on the particular machine, and ninety degrees in advance of o 11, will represent the electromolive force which is consumed in the alternator-windings by reactance and armature reaction, so that the resultant o r is the electromotive force which must. be actually generated in the windings of the armature. in other words, 0 '7" is the internal eiectrotnotive force, 0 c is the terminal voltage, and o s is the electron'iotive force necessary to overcome the counter electromotive forces in the armature. If 0 c is to remay be the magnitude or phase of the current 0 t'the internal electromotive force 0 -r must be automatically adjusted to produce the right value of the component 0 s, which overcomes the reactance and reaction of the alternatorarmatu re. We accomplish this result by giving the field-magnets of the armature a current proportional to the required resultant 0 r, supposing the field-magnets of the alternator to be worked well below saturation, so that their i'lux is fairly proportional to their excitingcurrent. If this latter condition is not met, there must be additional compensation.

This regulation of the eXciting-curren t may be accomplished by the series winding L. In Fig. let 0' g represent the flux in the exciier due to the slnn1t-winding M and o h the flux due to the series winding L. The magnitudes of these fluxes under any particular conditions oi voltage and load may be fixed by suitably proportioniug the windings, while the phase difference 1 may be adjusted by making the connections from the rings to the series coil L at the proper points. The angle Y that is to say, the angle between the two magnetic fluxes due to the shunt and series field-windings, respectively, of the excitermust be the complement of the angle rpthat is to say, of the angle of lag indicated in Fig. 2. Consequently, normally when 1 is to be Zero I must be ninety degrees, and one way 01 accomplishing this is by tapping the shun twinding M at points which are ninety degrees from the tapping-points of the series winding L. This construction is indicated in Fig. 1. If now two alternating currents which are in phase with each other traverse the shunt and series wimling, respectively, we may lor convenience merelyspeak of this as the normal condition. The two fluxes produced by them, whether rotary or not, will be in quadrature, so that the electromotive forces which produce them may be said to be normally acting in quadrature. lint it the series current lags the angle between the two fluxes will be less than ninety degrees, but always equal to the complement of the lagthat is to say, equal to the angle 3 o c in Fig.

1 I 2. \Ve design the circuits so that [if],

o e o s It follows that 0'1) is always proportional to o 7', as is evident from the geometry of the figures, and therefore the flux in the exciter, and consequently the currents in the wires 1 2 to 6 and the excitation of the alternator, must be directly proportional tot-he vector 0 7', which, as we have above shown, represents the internal electromotive force which the generator should have for proper regulation. The problem is thus solved.

In order to illustrate the mechanical construction which we prefer to use, we have shown in Fig. 4 our improved excitcr connected electrically and mechanically to a multiphase synchronous generator 13. Fig. 5 shows in an end elevation a similar exciter arranged to Feed an asynchronous generator. The only difference between these two exciters is that the one which feeds the asynchronous generator is provided with several pairs of brushes. It also shows a ll ux-screen.

In Fig. l, E is the field-magnet of B and F the arn'iature,whileon the shaft are shown the rings H H H, leading to the external circuit 7 S 9, as in Fig. 1. The rings H 11 ll are con nected to the rings N N N of the cxciter, while the exciter-rings N N N are connected to the armattire-circuit of the alternator.

The exciter is driven from the alternator by the gear-wheels O" 0 O acting through the shaft P. The gears are so arranged that the speed of the exciter is to that of the gencrator as the number of polar lines of the generator is to the number of polar lines of the ex'citer. Though we have shown a mechanical gearing, it will be understood that we are not restricted thereto, but we may use any method that will insure that the exciter will run at the proper speed. \Ve may, for instance, drive it by a small synchronous motor having the same number of polar lines as the eXciter, as will be more fully set forth below, and though we have illustrated that form of our invention in which the exciter itself rotates and its brushes are stationary it is evident that the proper relative rotation between the exciter-commntatorand its brushes is all that is required, in whatever way this may be accomplished, though we prefer at present to use the form shown.

The field-magnets E of the generator are fed from the brushes D D of the exciter, whose construction will now be described.

Q. R are two Gramme-ring armatures having cores built up of sheet-iron plates or lamime provided with superficial grooves. The grooves on the surface cl (.3 correspond to and are in line with those on the surface ol lt. lhese rings Q R carry, respectively, the windings M and L of Fig. l wound in the slots referred to. As the main generatorin thiscase is three-phase, these windings arealso threephase, as shown in Fig. l. There are therefore three connectionsfrom L and three from M, which lead to the rings and brushes N N and N N N, respectively. A single ring S of magnetic material is so placed as to close the magnetic circuits of the two rings Q and t. This ringSispreferablystationary. The two windings L and M are therefore electrically and mechanically separate from each other. 'lhree-phase currents in L will set up a rotary held in the ring Q, while the threephase currents in M will set up a rotary lield in the ring R. It will be understood that the windings, conneclions, number of poles, the, of these two rings may be varied in many ways. These windings L and M are both overwound by a single ring-winding A, conneciei'l to the commutator G, as shown in Fig. 1. This is the generating-windingof the exciter, which, as will be seen, is really a transformer, changing two multiphase currents into a sin gle continuous current whose electromotive force is proportional to the vector sum of the vectors, representing in magnitudeand phase the two currents, for the winding A will be acted upon by two rotary fields, and if the exciter be rotated in such a direction and at such a speed that the resultant of these two fields stand still in space a direct current may be taken oif corresponding to the directcurrent in the system shown in Fig. 1, though in Fig. 4, as the generator B is in that case of the synchronous type, only two brushes are used, as above explained, Fig. 5, on the other hand, corresponding in this respect exactly with Fig. .1.

The action of our improved exciter is as follows: Supposing that the alternator considered is working alone on the circuit, it is start ed as usual by setting in motion the prime motor, which may be of any preferred type and is not shown in the drawings. The exciter starts at the same time, as it is geared to the alternator. There will always be a certai n magnetism remainin gin the ring S, which will develop in the winding A and in the fields ofthe alternator a slight current. This, with the residual magnetism of the alternatorfields, will set up an alternating current in the alternator-armature, which current will in turn strengthen the exciter-fields. The voltage of the alternator will therefore gradually rise or build up, as it is termed, until it is checked by magnetic saturation at some point. We prefer to have this saturation take place in the sh nut-field of the exciter, and attain this result by cutting away the exciterfield at the point S and preferably inserting there a non-magnetic ring, as shown. The voltage of the alternator at no load is thus determined by the number of lines of force which can exist in the magnetic circuit of the ring R under the running conditions. As the load comes on currents begin to flow in the coarser series coils L, which current is proportional to the line 0 It in Fig. 3. As the magnetic circuit of the ring Q, is always well below the point of saturation on account of its large cross-section, the flux due to this current will also be proportional to the line 0 7L, while the flux due to the winding M will remain sensibly constant, for the reasons above stated. As wehave supposed that the field magnet of the alternator is so designed as never to be saturated at any load which the machine is intended to carry, the field excitation and internal electromotive force will be proportional to the line 0'1) in Fig. 3, and therefore to the line 0 r in Fig. 2, so that the voltage at the terminals of the brushes will be constant and proportional to o e. I

If it is desired to overcompound the alter nator or if its field-magnets approach the point of saturation to such an extent that their flux is not sensibly proportional to the eX- citing-current, additional turns must be given to the winding L. In this way the compoundin g may be varied to suit any conditions whati ever in a manner very analogous to the con1- pounding of direct-current generators and with the same advantages.

We have hitherto considered that the elec tromotive force generated by the exciter will be proportional to the resultant of the magnetomotive forces due to the two windings L and M. This assumption is not, however, always one which may be sately nade, as there will be a certain armature reaction or counter .magnetomotive force, due to the current in A,

which will interfere with the regulation. In order to eliminate this effect, we may provide, preferably on the fixed ring of the exciter, the winding T in series with the commutator of the exciter and with the field-magnets of the alternator. The connections of this winding for an exciter for an asynchronous generator are shown in Fig. 6, in which C is the commutator, supplying the field-magnet windings E of the alternator, each section of the winding T being in series with one section of the field magnet winding E. A is the generating-coil of the exciter, as before, the coils L and M being omitted for the sake of clearness. The am pere-turns established in the magnetic circuits of the exciter by the con'ipensating windings Tare made just sufficient to neutralize the counter magnetomotive force due to the current in the winding A.

Fig. 5 will be readily understood from what i has preceded. It will be only necessary to point out that we have shown in this figure a squirrel-cage winding U on the stator of the exciter, designed to enable the exciter to supply a single-phase alternator, under which conditions itis preferable to feed it with singlephase currents. In this case the singlephase currents will set up two polar lines rotating in opposite directions, as explained above, and the screen or cage U will act to suppress one of these fluxes and will leave the other free to induce current in A, as explained above.

It will be evident that the electrical connections between the exciter and the armature of the generator may be inductive instead of direct, and in certain cases this is preferable. In Fig. 7 we have indicated such a connection. V and V are two transformers, one in series with the alternator-armature and one in shunt, supplying the rings N N N N N N. Otherwise the electrical connections are similar to those in Fig. 4t.

The construction jpst described is advantageous whenever the voltage of the currents generated by the alternator is very high or very low.

It will be noticed that in all of the forms shown the only action of the winding M is to supply a field of constant intensity fixed in space with relation to the exciter-brushes when the alternator is of the synchronous type and capable of rotation with relation to the brushes when an asynchronous alternator is to be excited. It will be evident that this result may be attained in other ways,

out way of driving the exciter.

which will suggest themselves to the skilled engineer.

In Fig. 7 we have also illustrated a differ- The armature of a small synchronous motor \V is connected in multiple with the main circuit through the rings and brushes X X while its fields are excited through the wires 17 18, so connected that the fields are in multiple with the field-magnets of the synchronous alternator F or in any other convenient way. This synchronous motor will start, as is well known, as the alternator starts, as itis thus supplied with currents of a small and grad ually-increasing frequency, though it may not start, unless provided with some special starting device, if thrown onto a circuit of high frequency.

We have thus far supposed that the alternator to be excited was the only one on the system. If, however, the system be supplied with alternating currents from some other source before the machine represented, for instance, in Fig. l, is connected thereto, the operation of the newly-connected machine is modified. If the shunt-winding M, Fig. 1, be connected to the system before closing the switch of the alternator, a rotary magnetic field making a revolutions per second will be generated in the ring R by the current received from the lines, where, as before, a is the line frequency. If new the alternator, which is supposed in the general case to have 01 pairs of poles, be brought up to a speed slightly different from that of synchronisinsay to revolutions per second, where the exciter-rotor will make 1r revolutions per second in one direction, while the rotary field of R. makes a revolutions per second in theother. Consequentlyalternatingcurrents of the charactersuitable for the production of a rotary field will be supplied from the brushes D D to D with a differential frequency of fl periods per second. The armature or rotor a J) of the alternator will now be running at LL revolutions per second, while the field of the J stator will move atter it at the rate of L rev- L1 -1'6V0llli3l0llS per second, and a greater the output. It: will therefore operate as an asynchronous alternator mechanically driven above synchronism, taking more than its share of the load. If now the speed of the alternator drops, it will take less and less of the load, and finally, if the speed falls low enough, it will run as a motor. In any event it will not fall out oi. step. Corresponding actions will take place whatever be the number of machines feeding the system. The

ones driven at the highest speed will tend to assume the greatest load, other things being equal.

It will be seen that in ottr exciter there are two Gramme rings side by side, one a shuntringand the other a series ring. Each ring produces a magnetomotive force and a magnetic field. These two magnetic fields are sepa rate and independent and each induces a separate electromotive force in that portion of the exciter-armature connected to the commutator. As we view it the two component electu-omotive forces in the exciter-armature winding are summed vectorally inside the armature into a single resultant electrometive force, producing a single resultant current supplied to the fields of the alternatingcurrent generator. It might, however, be considered that each component electrometive force produces its own electric current, these two currents being supplied to the commutator and passing into the field-magnets of. the alternating-current machine. Each of these component currents would produce acomponent magnetomotive force and their sum a resultant magnetomotive force in the alternating-current-generator field-magnets. Should we, as we may, use our shunt and series windings on one and the same ring, thereby merging together the two initial magnetomotive forces and fluxes, there would be a vector summation of magnetomotive forces and fluxes in the exciter aside from what takes place in the alternator.

\Vhen the alternators are synchronous that is to say, supplied with direct current only-care must be taken that each alternator is in step before it is connected into the circuit.

It is of course important that the voltages of the various machines which are coupled in parallel should be the same, though this is not perhaps as important with alternating generators as with those which produce direct current. In order to be able to adjust the voltages, we insert in the conuectitnis from the main circuit to the shunt-coil M the variable self-induction coils Y Y Y, Figs. l and 7, in order to vary the shunt excitation.

It will be obvious that our improved system of excitation is not limited to any particular number of phases nor to any particular type of alternators and that it is applicable to motors as well as to generators. In this last use it maintains the field strength at just the proper point to preventthe motors from talcing idle currents from the line, either lead ing or lagging. In other words, it holds the power factor at unity. Neither do we limit ourselves to the particular forms shown and described, as they may be widely varied without departing from the spirit: of our invention; but

What We do claim as our invention, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is

l. The method of exciting an alternatingcurrent machine, which consists in charging its field circuit or circuits with currents de rived from the vector sum of two electrometive forces normally at an angle, one of which is notmrtional to the current strength in the armature of the machine, and the other to the pressure at. a predetermined point of the external circuit, substantially as described 2. The method of regulating an alternatingcnrrent generator for constant potential at any point of the line-circuit, which consists in exciting the field of the generator, from moment to moment, under variations of load, by currents derived from the vector sum of two electromotive forces, one of which is proport ional to the load and the other to the pressure at the machilie-terminals, substantially as described.

Themethod of regulating an alternatingcu rrentgenerator for constant potential at any predetermined point of the line-circuit, and for all angles of current lag, which consists in exciting the field of the generator, from moment to moment under variationsof load, by currents derived from the vector sum of two elcctron'iotive forces making a vector angle equal to the complement of the angle of lag, oneof the electromotive forces being proportional to the load, and the other to the pre sure at the desired pointof the line, substatr tially as described.

4-. The method of preventing an alternating-current machine from consuming or generating idle currents, which consists in auto matically regulating its excitation under varying loads so as to maintain practically a zero difference of phase between the current and the electromotive force in its armature, by varying the excitation of the field-magnets so as to compensate for the drop of pressure due to the apparent impedance of the machine, by currents derived from the vector sum of two electromotive forces one of which is proportional to the current in the machipe and the other to a pressure at the desired point of the external circuit, substantially as described.

5. An alternating-current machinehaving a relatively large amount of copper on the armature and consequent large armature reaction, in combination with an exciter delivering to the field-winding of the machine currents derived from the vector sum of two electromotive forces, one of which is proportional to the current in the armature of the ma chine, and the other to the pressure at a de sired point in the external circuit, substanti ally as described.

(5. The combination with an alternatingcurrent dynamo-electric machine, of an exciter-dynamo comprising a series winding prod ucing an independent field varying the load on the alternator, a shunt-winding producing an independent constant field, a generatingwvinding in inductive relation with the series winding and with the shunt-winding, and a commutator and brushes connected to said generat-ing-winding, substantially as described.

7. An eXciter-dynamo for an alternatingcurrent dynamo-electric machine comprising two independent fields, one lield being practically constant in magnitude and phase, and the other varying in magnitude and phase with the current in the alternat-or-armature, and a generator-Winding within the inductive in t1 uence of both fields, substantially as described.

8. The combination with an alternatingcurrent dynamo-electric machine, of an exciter driven in synchronous relation there with, the cxciter having two independent fields, one of which is practically constant and the other variable with the current in the armature of the machine and both fields excited by the arnmture-currents, substantially as described.

9. The combination with an alternatingcurrent dynamo-electric machine, of an exciter driven in synchronous relation therewith, the eXciter having two independent fields, the windings of one of which are in series with the armature of the machine, and the other in shunt therefrom, substantially as described.

it). An eXciter-dynamo for a dynamo-electric machine comprising a shunt-winding and a series winding on two magnetic circuits of different magnetic conductivities, both energized by alternating currents and constitutingtwoindepeudentfields,agenerating-winding under the inductiveintiuence of both and means for collecting a current induced in the latter winding, substantially as described.

11. An exciter for a single-phase alternating-current dynamo-electric machine, comprising a shunt-winding, a series Winding, a generator-winding under the inductive influence of both, means for collecting current in duced in the generator-winding, and a flux screen adapted to modify the magnetic flux induced by the shunt and series winding, substantially as described.

12. An exciter for an alternating-current dynamo-electric machine comprising in combination means for creating a rotary field of constant magnitude, means for creatinga rotary field varying in magnitude and phase with the variations of volume and phase of ceases the current supplied by the alternator, and a generaling-windingin theinductive influence of both lields, substantially as described.

l3. An eXciter-dynamo fordynamo-elcetric machines comprising in combination a series coil and a sh nut-coil, both energized by alternating currents, a generatingeoil so wound as to be in inductive relation to both the series coil and the shunt-coil, means forclosing the magnetic circuits,- a compcnsz'iting winding, a commutator, and brushes, substantially as described.

it. A rotary transformer comprising two cores each provided with a windingconnected to a source of alternating current, a third winding in inductive relation thereto, a cm- 1n utat-or, connections from the third winding to the commutator, brushes bearing on the commutator, means for causing a relative rotation between the commutator and the brushes, and a second core for closing the magnetic circuit of the two cores, substantially as described.

15. A rotary transformer comprising two cores each provided with a winding connected to a source of alternating current, a third winding in inductive relation thereto, a commutator, connections from the third winding to the commutator, brushes bearing on the commutator, means for causing a relative rotation between the commutator and the brushes, and a second core for closing the magnetic circuit of the two cores, and a coinpensating winding on said second core, substantially as described.

it). A rotary transformer comprising two primary windings each on a separate magnetic circuit, and a secondary winding common to both, and connected to a commutator and brushes and means for rotating the windings and the commutator, substantially as described.

17. The method of exciting an alternatingcurrent machine, which consists in charging its field circuit or circuits with current derived from the vector sum of electromotive forces normally acting in quadrature one of which is proportioned to the current in the armature of the machine and the other to the pressure at a predetermined point of the external circuit, sul')stant.ially as described.

18. The method of regulating an alternating-current generator for constant potential at any point of the line-circuit, which consists in exciting the field of the generator, from moment to moment, under variations of load, by currents derived from the vector sum of electromotive forces, normally acting in quadrature, one of which is proportional to the load and the other to the pressure at the machilie-terminals, substantially as described.

19. The method of regulating an alternating-current generator for constant potential at any predetermined point of the line-circuit, and for all angles of current lag, which consists in exciting the field of the generator, from moment to moment, under variations of load by currentsderived from the vector sum of electromotive forces, making a vector angle equal to the eomplei'nent of the angle of lag, one of the electromotive forces being proportional to the load and the other to the pressure at the desired point of the line, substantially as described.

20. An exciier for an alternating-currcnt dynamo-eleetric machine comprising a series coil and a sh tint-coil, a generating-coil so wound as to be in inductive relation to the series and shunt coils and a coil compensating for the reaction of the generating-coil, substantially as described.

21. The combination of an alternatingcurrentdynamo-machine and an cxeiter-dynamo therefor comprising a series coil and a shunt coil, a generating-coil sowound as to be in inductive relation with the series and shunt coils and a coil compensating for the reaction of the generating-coil, substantially as described.

22. An alternating-current machine having a relatively large amountof copper on the armature and consequent large armature reaction, in combination with an exciter dclivering to the field-winding of the machine currents derived from the vector sum ofelectromotive forces normally acting in quadrato re, one of which is jiroportional to the current on the armature of the machineand the other to the pressure at a desired point in the external circuit, substantially as described.

The combination of an alternator and an exciter therefor com prising two independent fields, one field being practically constant in magnitude and phase and the other varying in magnitude and phase with a current in the alternator-armature, and a generator winding within the inductive influence of both fields, substantially as described.

24. The method of exciting and regulating an alternating-current machine, which consists in charging its field circuit or circuits with currents derived from the vector sum of two n'iagnetomotive forces, normally atan angle, one of which is proportional to the current strength in the armat ure ofthe machine, and the other to the pressure at a predetermined point of the external circuit, substantially as described.

25. The method of regulating an alternating-current generator for constant potential at any point of the line-circuit, which cousists in exciting the field of the gtmerator, from moment to moment, under variations of load, by currents derived from the vector sum of two magnetomotive forces, one of which is proportional to the load and the other to the pressure at the machine-terminals, substantially as described.

20. The method of regulating an alternat- In testimony whereof we have signed our names to this specification in the presence of I 5 two subscribing Witnesses.

MAURICE HUTIN. MAURICE LEBLANC.

Witnesses as to signature of Maurice Hutin HENRY J. WELDE, FRED. P. WARREN. Witnesses as to signature of Maurice Leblanc:

EDWARD P. MAcLEAN, PAUL BoUR. 

